General Purpose GPU (GPGPU) programming uses the many-core GPU architecture to speed up parallel computation. Data-parallel compute processing is useful when you have large chunks of data and need to perform the same operation on each chunk. Examples include machine learning, scientific simulations, ray tracing and image/video processing.
In this chapter, you’ll perform some simple GPU programming and explore how to use the GPU in ways other than vertex rendering.
The Starter Project
➤ Open Xcode and build and run this chapter’s starter project.
The scene contains a lonely garden gnome. The renderer is a simplified forward renderer with no shadows.
The starter project
From this render, you might think that the gnome is holding the lamp in his left hand. Depending on how you render him, he can be ambidextrous.
➤ Press 1 on your keyboard.
The view changes to the front view. However, the gnome faces towards positive z instead of toward the camera.
Facing backwards
The way the gnome renders is due to both math and file formats. In Chapter 6, “Coordinate Spaces”, you learned that this book uses a left-handed coordinate system. This USD file expects a right-handed coordinate system.
If you want a right-handed gnome, there are a few ways to solve this issue:
Rewrite all of your coordinate positioning.
In vertex_main, invert position.z when rendering the model.
On loading the model, invert position.z.
If all of your models are reversed, option #1 or #2 might be good. However, if you only need some models reversed, option #3 is the way to go. All you need is a fast parallel operation. Thankfully, one is available to you using the GPU.
Note: Ideally, you would convert the model as part of your model pipeline rather than in your final app. After flipping the vertices, you can write the model out to a new file.
Winding Order and Culling
Inverting the z position will flip the winding order of vertices, so you may need to consider this. When Model I/O reads in the model, the vertices are in clockwise winding order.
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Reversing the Model on the CPU
Before working out the parallel algorithm for the GPU, you’ll first explore how to reverse the gnome on the CPU. You’ll compare the performance with the GPU result. In the process, you’ll learn how to access and change Swift data buffer contents with pointers.
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Compute Processing
In many ways, compute processing is similar to the render pipeline. You set up a command queue and a command buffer. In place of the render command encoder, compute uses a compute command encoder. Instead of using vertex or fragment functions in a compute pass, you use a kernel function. Threads are the input to the kernel function, and the kernel function operates on each thread.
Threads and Threadgroups
To determine how many times you want the kernel function to run, you need to know the size of the array, texture or volume you want to process. This size is the grid and consists of threads organized into threadgroups.
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Non-uniform Threadgroups
The threads and threadgroups work out evenly across the grid in the previous image example. However, if the grid size isn’t a multiple of the threadgroup size, Metal provides non-uniform threadgroups.
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Threadgroups per Grid
You can choose how you split up the grid. Threadgroups have the advantage of executing a group of threads together and also sharing a small chunk of memory. It’s common to organize threads into threadgroups to work on smaller parts of the problem independently from other threadgroups.
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Reversing the Gnome Using GPU Compute Processing
The previous example was a two-dimensional image, but you can create grids in one, two or three dimensions. The gnome problem acts on an array in a buffer and will require a one-dimensional grid.
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The Kernel Function
That completes the Swift setup. You simply specify the kernel function to the pipeline state and create an encoder using that pipeline state. With that, it’s only necessary to give the thread information to the encoder. The rest of the action takes place inside the kernel function.
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Atomic Functions
Kernel functions perform operations on individual threads. However, you may want to perform an operation that requires information from other threads. For example, you might want to find out the total number of vertices your kernel worked on.
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GPU compute, or general purpose GPU programming, helps you perform data operations in parallel without using the more specialized rendering pipeline.
You can move any task that operates on multiple items independently to the GPU. Later, you’ll see that you can even move the repetitive task of rendering a scene to a compute shader.
GPU memory is good at simple parallel operations, and with Apple silicon, you can keep chained operations in tile memory instead of moving them back to system memory.
Compute processing uses a compute pipeline with a kernel function.
The kernel function operates on a grid of threads organized into threadgroups. This grid can be 1D, 2D or 3D.
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