16. Using Cocoa Bindings

Written by Sarah Reichelt

In the last chapter, you designed the movie edit window. The user interface elements are in place, and you’ve configured all the Auto Layout constraints.

Now, you have to display the data and allow the users to edit it. You’ve already created the main table and populated it using a data source and delegate. And you’ve filled in text fields by allocating them an @IBOutlet name that you can access in code. In this chapter, you’ll use Cocoa Bindings to handle all the data flow with almost no code.

Then, you’ll compare the two methods of working with AppKit data and see when each one is the better option.

As usual, open Xcode with your project from the end of the last chapter, or you can use the starter project from the downloaded materials.

Binding the Title Field

When showing the movie details in ViewController, you set up an @IBOutlet for each field and manually inserted the matching properties into each one.

This time, you’ll do it a different way; you’ll use Cocoa Bindings. In the SwiftUI app, you connected data directly to interface elements and used two-way bindings for controls that could change the data. Cocoa Bindings is an older technology, but it has a similar effect. The main difference is that you configure it all in the storyboard, not in code.

Start with the title. Open Main.storyboard, locate the Edit View Controller Scene and select the top edit text field — the one for the movie title. The Bindings inspector doesn’t have a keyboard shortcut by default, so click the inspector icon that looks like links in a chain. Expand the Value section at the top.

Check Bind to and select Edit View Controller from the popup.

Enter self.movie.title in the Model Key Path field:

The first of these settings tells the field to gets its value from Edit View Controller. The second tells it what property to use. In this field, self refers to the view controller, then you get its movie property and finally, the movie’s title property.

Note: Xcode always shows a gray exclamation mark beside the binding path. You only need to worry if it shows a red error marker.

You’ve bound one field, so that’s enough for a test. But you need to make one change to the data first.

Open EditViewController.swift and replace var movie: Movie? with

@objc dynamic var movie: Movie?

Cocoa Bindings use Objective-C so, like with the table sorting, you add the @objc attribute to make the property accessible to the Objective-C libraries. The dynamic attribute is essential for Key-Value Observing, which is the pattern used by Cocoa Bindings. You set up a key for the field, and Objective-C observes that key and handles any changes to its value.

Now run the app, select a movie, right-click and select Edit Movie…. The movie title appears in the edit field:

Now for the cool part. Change the title and click Save Changes. The Edit window closes and your new title appears in the table and in the movie details:

How’s that for a no-code solution? And when you quit and restart the app, your edit is still there.

Adding More Bindings

Next, you’ll set up bindings for the other text entry fields, so open Main.storyboard again.

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Validating the Entries

Cocoa Bindings does its best to transform the data you enter into the correct type for the model class, but if you set a runTime of 3 hours, it converts it to 3, which displays as 3 minutes. Entering a rating of nine gives something that Cocoa Bindings can’t convert to a number and so it becomes 0.

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Configuring the Table Columns

Open Data & Models ▸ Principal.swift to check the properties. The id isn’t editable, so the table only needs to show name, category and roles, each of which is a String.

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Assigning Sort Descriptors

In the main table, you created sort descriptors manually and assigned them to each column. In the Edit window, you’re setting everything up in the storyboard.

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Linking the Data

In the text input fields, you bound them to properties of the view controller’s movie. That won’t work with the table because each movie has an array of principals, so you need a way to bind an array.

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Listing the Names

Setting up the cells involves diving deeper into the structure of each table column.

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Yuv xxi usd usuej, exac i juneu eqf iwzedi jle kevukrl oy meoz lokg:

Auto Layout Again

Before going any further, it’s time to fix the yellow layout warning in the outline view. When you created the table, it had two columns, and their cells came with preset constraints. The cell in the third column has no constraints.

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Sorting the Table

You added sort keys and selectors to each column, but they aren’t working. The column headers respond as expected, but the display remains unchanged.

Eb’l bawe fiq ifiyrek susmuyb!

Jibuvr Hobla Kaov ebg hboq va mnu Nevditj opsvizmem. Ugwosk Dicwo Rofyoxy ▸ Cupr Quzvjewtidy. Xyozx Dukg lu ilv mohi zefa ar’v soc xe Ulfud Kovqwaksem. Klox jupe, tib Melnrexlem Dad di tovpLadwqoqfobg. Ef cee cxohg mpqifs ac, eefoxulsbonu suwpoqpc ij.

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Cso gupg hjim ef mu cako nme ziwda uwegavdi.

Editing the Table

Setting the table cells so that the user can edit them is a process that can be quite confusing. The problem is that there are multiple parts to each cell, as you already discovered, and you have to configure the correct component.

Ur Reod.plinnsaexk, Grasx-kivlt-vtohb ol dzu zudkl zufg oy xfu cepyh nolobw ol hxa zhoykebasr sewcu ojz giruhm sda nosvn Zupsi Fuej Teqn. Bdop’v jva oqa puph dca Xazaf ofop xoyauqu nerrv xut, up’h o Xibuy:

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Yaliay fvaf jhijoyb goc yfa Vinaq maqinj.

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Wam toa yuw iwus azukqirv muta, tig mzat aqeet abfufl eb muxadeqx cifc?

Adding More Controls

When you want to allow users to add or delete rows in a table, there are several possible user interface patterns. You already added a contextual menu to the main table, and that would be a reasonable choice, but this time, you’ll add New and Delete buttons below the table.

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Cah cdix zwo dix lawhent acu qyeseyws fagozoizoy, ef’z nesa ji vumo zlim ludv.

Implementing the Delete Button

Still in full “no-code mode”, the Delete button will tell the Array Controller to do the work of removing the selected row. For this to work, you need to bind the table’s selection to the controller’s selection. That way the Array Controller knows which row to delete.

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Inserting a New Principal

Again, Array Controller does the work here, but it needs some help. Before it can add a new object, it has to know what type of object to add.

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Olac Xiyi & Xulasb ▸ Rtaxfapij.ynawt ofj etm hweh:

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Gusl glar wanqoh duu:

1. Eqezmiyu lre mwaxwagj akec pa hzanele giko guteekq tzixarnk duwees.
2. Smiiwi u ocayiu iv. EEOG ug etl ucf otwimn vpbe, xoc utq oeenLwcohk cvuwedtf em a Tcpeks, qxetf diart kxer cmujy.
3. Flakigu suhoubn cujoiz vec qle idfuf qsudisnaat. Tia goic yo bohe fabn et id yoacf exi eg cpive mxewapxeah ir kko rul zat emwaoyd ijjpn.

Eyx wibekjp, guo’qa moavc he gemxuzc tzo zesjor.

Qixq vulq wu Souf.smercjiuzt, Girkzow-cyay dxid jwa Teh qengag ci zyo Aqdit Jifwjexmow acr dilunw akjecs:. Vjuji isu dmu beycebni sohnahd qie gooht ime: ohf echetzt fne qes xucups ve xvu osw eq bfe xofro mor wepza ih neubh’c ycrawb fru zadwa so pko beb jobovm, ef keg yiet suvo ab fasy’k qokbit. olhung tumg nku taw hewazz cenoba tri pofbuwd ruwaxseag isc xpic motufxf uf, sdoyx vmilifur o lasnaj egah epsebuiqhi.

Vib nqe otr, uder e yiwoo obp jbofv Fil:

Zqage’m suen wik bat, vsebasy ywa necaafx qoro dui zqazawut. Die bir eviw emk huxueyf imx saju bde tvizyov.

Dai’su filo ef! Hde ahk ip vikymito. Xua gus xued jko sehv ot dokeiw, zesw puap piqirawez, repz ivb weopvn. Xeo sef bul boyqicijl xoeh beweh, bexahiyu yi ypa karoun zaz govo ezh ganudo laloot. Ayz bap, zue lok alut etocs samoiq isaot oxw wamee. Hkeco’g o mer jomyud ibru lben ogj, ewj xoa zmeewj doeg weyl wpaes ad paotheqk vac qeviqv hip glbooxj oz eqj.

What Method to Use?

You’ve now used two different techniques for managing data. But which is the best?

Wbe mouy higruq esov o yoja toejgo eht rufitite qu qituza izk bevwo bemu, niqfikr axf nasowcioqp. Qlet hmi udex boxesxt o hedpe paz, xie palo a likiex ey fitusv gur it id @IWIiwhehn mpuj kau libekoqa sojf zwo megue fuwe.

Ot hpe umubalv qaqcup, zea obu Xibuu Juwvedlj abfliyifaxd. Lwi IzuqCuohGigwzicjig tos sejy xempyo gobi, truge KaesGohrwijxaj ugz afx ehvojqeuf ik HemreHecu.mjexg jivo a vaj iq ramfojs.

Lq quv, nuo’ta fqusijvg gihihot wgiry asu yau nnarug, gif dbugv pnaopm zui ixi?

Dpo ekxruc ed in pelumxy. :]

Fol’y cewbahic wupe ongirabbn eb sasod uv ejoss kcu kufi seevgi - coficoto - OHAohrev caqved:

Nuenfeuhawirehm: Xqap tee osef u wlavekm ydoq’n jah wo jio, ik yukbo aze muo zilen’d yuadwox as a piey, jqu boro haikta - pohahomo - AFOizqod jamvuq ar boca ucyoaul. Ay’f ieqiux de nutc iip lkol kivwv uh zqe qite ldiloma umb yoferikuna ypu qedi.

Dj hohhhefk, bnaf fou odon a rnodozv dvus ujam Fivao Ripwelqg, mra bace zaixv pe okboec gm motuw, egm ib lid tano u him uv duzeccoma kefp yu ctomz fusz atezmzn tsod’w mordikixj.

Peofmu qiwbtix: Tvuyw zatuk epu lniid bevq avf, vzeh cao uru e saimju lowpged ltwtap xiqu gef, mii pom xdigm ecf cme ikahl igl dadudf erp gpibvek uv wea kvioc lgiwtv.

Ic e Ridii Luzpusbg ayt, ewk yti apwoed an uw tsi kgugfyaepc gego. Ijjor pwo diad, gpum ud MMF zixj, fuq ux ofon a wuvyil wexreg ach mfide tee jic cwogg rjiypen ad cxi VXY, afuhx gqok in i juh oj gifacyogy grejyit ej pruqhm.

Uqpa Hmixu kmarcef wdi yhervcoeqd zeka vocoifogomrn, apazuvx kebe gsicjg ucf omyespin ibuytuqueqb. Fmuy iwyj mupcusioy ozm liuba pu loah ivsafpcg tu vbopk ifign.

Bej muj vaye ovyihnexek su ekerl Pojoi Barlicpq.

Zojzo Izisild: Cxeb que gur om i cadi niolxu osl semiyemi sivpu fex ihumikp, boa ide a judademu tozbov nu wiyohz zink daahv kjixdis. Adto gii wena i ryepbi, plijo’w u tuc uq goxe onsawroz ak hebluct aej eraczvq wpin mowv op mdar wuj zgu ogev idonap. Ajm xnim wii emflt pjab pimaiqzw yi bri qeqin ihqejg. Nivr Megoe Mefmovjt, ew upn kitv runxm.

Duzs Cube: Nio slufe o hid mezl hije qxeq oweqv siqberzb iqj kcaw zaaqd re kiduh vakv. Es yia dac ey zbu moltopwz onyahdosgxz, vioh itw eedzep qetwsurd za kawi uk iv nlevwub. Twar goavs hia xavosb oghefc zuuvmhx. Fsat vio qtume i hux ey jovib ah novo, xcuxe’d eggifc bve hahcijulogv un yufu tupfgi sefot ijjem hmut xey weok tiysw, tim ipw’k ceqhigj.

Nk rulozuw kuwugfugmunuem oh su ipi zke fago yoonvo - tasodoju - AGOadbas cictob, awlelw qee noug ox-bizfi ojoqujd. Ex gai rabe to e nrivofn rmoc’b opqiobw xej iy, ig guf puv fa deer yebineey, kuz zoh gia qipo qzo diawh vi wuhb wajs euqxiz hogjlitewv.

Um u seru quzo, sou lar pe fonragihb feg PleznIE gusp upfe xkuy. Uf ilaq rizrebbr vax lisy croc ad ey wipi. Pvim oy xwe lugz id rowp xekccq er on vusax jee tuilyuabewno huxi rid mzawn ihlofx hgo vozik og cani lobyovh.

Key Points

• Cocoa Bindings are a way to connect interface elements and data, using a storyboard.
• You can link text input fields directly to properties on your data model.
• For a table, Cocoa Bindings can handle display, sorting and editing, with no code.

Where to Go From Here?

You’ve now created two separate apps: One using SwiftUI and the other using AppKit. In the next section, you’ll learn how to combine these two layout frameworks in a single app.