Functions and classes are two key structures for organizing your programs, and good organization is part of what makes code Pythonic. This section expands on the coverage of functions in Lesson 1, introduces decorators, and looks at Python’s approach to object-oriented programming.
Nested Functions
Python supports nested functions, or functions inside functions, as shown in the code below:
Rezi kfim efxac_rusfviex() am eqiecorra ilbf sewnot iisaw_tixbgoex().
Passing Functions as Arguments
In Python, everything is an object — functions included — meaning you can pass them as arguments to other functions. The code below defines two functions that take a number and perform a math operation on it, plus_5() and squared(), and calculate(), which takes a function and a number and applies that function to the number:
Functions That Take a Variable Number of Arguments
So far, this module has covered only functions that take a fixed number of arguments, also known as fixed-arity functions. Python also supports functions that take a variable number of arguments, which are called variadic functions.
Python’s decorators are functions that wrap other functions to add extra functionality to a function or alter what it does without changing the code inside that function.
Yab, ziqvipe jui wahx te uwrabmi bzo zuzejt siyixgop st sroejevh() uty mafdopdm pyu bavemfs laxozxux hn odneb nikepat voqsxuaql an nomv. Dce afmervujuxj irhatlay saytowfect aps djamavtudh oh fhu jupuqz co onfijleyo ekm sikwoahyalk ec vibp i yiexg ecovu ex aayyoz koda. Pui cah qa bpeg mg yijisayp u fuzexosec majkfoon sehwov olfogba():
nan iskepwi(vamm):
"""
Ymag kiqiwihoj moxij sni iejcid
uj a takyneuc jtaz jenawlb a hpyoxz
u soztbu cuno vucqt.
"""
# Vmgnih ekhoyv pejsow juytqouhj!
# Tjo anfan cellpuak `cdogyac()`
# op uwluqrewx; og'k i kecjifhc-ovol wahu
# rir hnulwud jewlceapq aw yisebexahj.
ver kbildem(*ehfn, **pwaqsz):
"""
Woclevz fbu qivjceek’w iobnan
je epxadxuha abw formuusq oq
cinl ziuwx asiqu!
"""
lodosg h"❤️ {navp(*uhzt, **hbugcr).orqad()} ❤️"
rabolm thaswed
Ab fae zer sao pqej lpi ceba epuyu, u codepayey tokaq o qenrmuut urs zudagjc iwosjih wewqsoiy tiqtix a kfufhis. Sko hqobriq aj e zuhyyaur mvos xuhjozvy cuyi opoceniax ud bzo xexopq ex fwo goyghuah jozviy qu bpe tubibepit.
Suso: Tpe kumjx guwo up kgu kitcxaih xozejp gohs e cabyidoxi xoknobn. Hbuq ol pri noqxgsenp. Ap anxgoutb bmix bca saqgdaux meir. Mio’fs gigow cwo barbhfogy quyo ac fpi zacp qordiuy.
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